中国传统文化、中西方文化差异、国家发展方面，为今年考试的热门话题。
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四大发明
中国的四大发明包括指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术，它们是中国在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。第一个指南针产生于战国时期(the Warring States Period)，是利用天然磁石(natural magnet)来辨别方向的一种简单仪器。
火药发明于隋唐时期，主要应用于军事领域，造纸术于东汉年间由蔡伦改进，使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。印刷术，又称活字印刷术，大大促进了文化的传播。四大发明对世界经济的发展和人类文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献。
参考翻译:
Four great inventions of China includethe compass,gun powder,the paper - -mak-ing technique and the printing tech-nique. They are one of the marks thatChina occupies an important position inthe history of human civilization.The firstcompass was invented during the WarringStates Period.It was a simple device em-ploying natural magnets to identify direc-tions. Gun powder was invented in Sui andTang Dynastiesand was mainly used inmilitary areas. The paper- -making tech-nique was developedby Cai Lun in theEastern Han Dynasty,making paper acommonly used writing material. The
Printing technique,also called movabletype printing,promoted the spread of cul-ture significantly. The four great inventionsof China made tremendous contribution tothe development of the world's economyand the progress of the culture of man-kind.
1.第二句的主干是“它们是标志之一”，标志(mark)”的定语很长，可用that引导的定语从句来修饰。
2.第三句“第一个指南针...”较长，可拆译为两个句子，前一句说明指南针产生的时间，后一句说明指南针的原理。 ‘利用磁石来辨别方位的一种简单仪器”先译出主干“它是一种简单仪器”，再将长定语处理为现在分词短语employ-ing...作后置定语。
3.第五句“造纸术于东汉年间...”中的“由蔡伦改进”提示要使用被动语态，“使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料”是造纸术改进的结果，可译为现在分词短语making...作结果状语。
4.末句的主干为“四大发明做出了巨大贡献注意与contribution搭配的是介词to, 因此to后接名词短语，说明是对哪方面的贡献。
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文化差异
同一种动物在东西方不同的文化背景下所表达的含义不尽相同。在西方人眼里，蝙蝠就是一个邪恶、丑陋的吸血鬼(bloodsucker)。但是在我国南方，旧式住宅的门上常常雕刻着蝙蝠，因为蝙蝠是好运、健康、 财富、幸福的象征。西方人认为孔雀走起路来总是趾高气扬，目中无人，头冠(crown )频频摆动，还不时开屏炫耀其美丽。这是“骄傲” “虚荣”的表现。而中国人认为孔雀开屏是喜庆吉祥的象征，所以人们常用孔雀比喻美丽的人或事物。
译文参考:
The same animal in different culturebackgrounds between the East and theWest respectively expresses different meanings. To the West, bats are evil, uglybloodsucker; but in southern China, batsare often carved on the doors of the oldhouses,because they are symbols of for-tune, health, wealth and happiness.Westerners generally believe that thepeacock always walks around with her nose in the air, swinging its crown repeat-edly, and shows off its beautiful tail fre-quently.These are signs of pride and vanity. In contrast,Chinese think it sym-bolizes joy and luck that the peacock spreads its tail. So people often comparethe peacock to beautiful persons orthings.
技巧点拨:
1.东西方不同的文化背景:可译为differentculture backgrounds between the Eastand the West。
2..上雕刻着:可译为被动形式be carved on ...
3.走起路来总是趾高气扬，目中无人:可简译为always walks around with her nose inthe air。with one's nose in the air即有“目中无人地”意思。
4.孔雀开屏:可译为the peacock spreadsits tail。
5.用...比喻:可译为compare ..to..
3
陶瓷
唐朝时期，人们就在昌南建造窑坊(kiln),烧制出一种青白瓷(bluish white porcelain)。青白瓷色彩晶莹，有“人造玉器” 的美称， 因而远近闻名，并大量出口欧洲。当时，欧洲人还不会制造瓷器，因此中国特别是昌南镇的瓷器很受欢迎。在欧洲，昌南镇瓷器是备受珍爱的贵重物品。
人们以能获得一件昌南镇瓷器为荣。因此，欧洲人就以“昌南”作为瓷器和生产瓷器的“中国”的代称。久而久之，欧洲人就把昌南的本意忘却了，只记得它是“瓷器”，即“中国”了。
译文参考:
In the Tang Dynasty, people started tobuild kilns to make bluish white porcelainin Changnan. The bluish white porcelainwas glittering and had there putation ofartificial jade, SO it became famous homeand abroad and was exported to Europein large amount. At that time, Europeanswere not able to make porcelain,So por-celain from China, especially from Changnan, was warmly welcomed. InEurope, porcelain from Changnan wasluxurious article cherished by everyone,and obtaining even one piece of it wouldmake people feel very proud. In this way,Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china(porcelain) and the place ofits production, China. Gradually, Europe-ans forgot the original meaning of Chang-nan, only remembering it is “china”namely“China”
1.烧制出一种青白瓷:可译为make bluishwhite porcelain, 烧制可译为make, “青白色的”可译为bluish white。
2.色彩晶萤:可译为glittering,意为“闪闪发光的”
3.远近闻名:可译为be famous home andabroad。
4.以...为荣:即be proud of,文中译为...make people feel proud。
5.久而久之:理解为“逐渐地”，可用grad-ually来表达。
6.只记得它是瓷器:根据前后句，本句可译为only remembering it is“china” ，用现在分词作状语来表达。
4
中国菜 Cuisine
中国菜(cuisine )是中国各地区、各民族各种菜肴的统称，也指发源于中国的烹饪方式。中国菜历史悠久，流派(genre)众多，主要代表菜系有“八大菜系” 每一菜系因气候、 地理、 历史、烹饪技巧和生活方式的差异而风格各异。中国菜的调料(seasoning)丰富多样，调料的不同是形成地方特色菜的主要原因之一。中国菜强调色、香、味俱佳，味是菜肴的灵魂。中国饮食文化博大精深，作为世界三大菜系之一的中国菜，在海内外享有盛誉。
参考翻译:
Chinese cuisine is a general term forthe various foods from diverse regions and ethnic groups ofChina.It also refers tocooking styles originating from China.Witha long history, Chinese cuisine has anum-ber of different genres,the main repre-sentatives of which are "Eight Cui-sines".Every cuisine is distinctive fromone another due to the differences in climate,geography, history,cooking techniques and life style. Chinese cuisine con-tains a rich variety of seasonings,which isone of main factors contributing to differ-ent local special dishes. Chinese cuisinelays emphasis on the perfect combinationof color,flavor,and taste,and the soul ofthe dishes in taste. Chinese cuisine cultureis extensive and profound,and Chinesecuisine,one of the Three World Cui-sines,enjoys a reputation home andabroad.
1.第一句话的汉语由两个分句组成，句子较长，在译成英文时，可把它拆分成两句。 “也指发源于中国的烹饪方式”可单独译成一句alsorefers to cooking styles originating from-China,这样可以更好的体现两句的并列关系。
2.第二句话由三个分句组成。翻译时将“中国菜流派众多” 译为主句， “历史悠久” 用witha history of...来表达，“主要代表菜系有...”则用非限制性定语从句表示。这样可以使译文结构紧凑，句式多样。
3.第三句中的“风格各异”可以用be dis-tinctive from表达，比用have different styles更地道。
4.在“中国菜强调色、香、味俱佳”中，色、香、味俱佳” 的英文翻译并没有逐字的对应
因而增译了combination,把汉语中暗含的意思完整地表达出来。
5
神话
尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(gene-alogy)，但它们却有着鲜明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of es-teeming virtue)。这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬标准多以智慧、力量为准则，而中国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中。几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。
参考译文:
Although ancient Chinese mythologydoes not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematicgenealogy,they have distinct features oforiental culture, among which the spirit ofesteeming virtue is particularly significant.When compared with Western mythology,especially Greek mythology, this spirit ofesteeming virtue is even more prominent.In Western mythology, especiallyGreek mythology,the criteria for judgingwhether a god is good or not are mostlythe god's wisdom and strength,while inancient Chinese mythology, the criterionlies in morality. This way of thinking isdeeply rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteem-ing virtue has affected people's commentson historical figures and expectations ofreal people.
词句点拨:
1.神话人物:可译为mythological figures。
2.系统的家谱:可译为systematic geneal-ogy。其中systematic意为系统的，是system的形容词形式。
3.其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神:将此句译为定语从句among which the spirit of es-teeming virtue is particularly significant,承接前一句，可以使译文结构更加紧凑，逻辑更加清晰。
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可持续发展
可持续发展是20世纪80年代提出的一种新的发展观。这种模式要求在保护环境的条件下发展经济，既要满足当代的需求，又不能损害后代人的利益。它的核心思想是确保经济、资源和环境的协调发展，目的是让子孙后代享受充分的资源和良好的环境。可持续发展是中国的一项基本国策。目前中国正集中精力节能减排，加快资源节约型和环境友好型工业体系的建设，加大环境保护力度，提高生态文明(ecological civiliza-tion)的水平。
参考翻译:
Sustainable development is a new concept of development put forward in the1980s. The mode requires that economybe developed on the condition of environ-mental protection. It should satisfy the-need of the present without damaging theinterests of the future generations. The core idea is to ensure the harmonious de-velopment among economy, resourcesand environment. The goal is to let off-spring enjoy abundant resources and good environment. Sustainable develop-ment is a basic state policy of China. NowChina is focusing on energy saving andemission reduction, accelerating the con-struction of resource- saving and environment-friendly industrial systems, makingmore efforts to protect the environment,and raising the level of ecological civiliza-tion.
1.第一句中的“发展观” 可译为conceptofdevelopment;“20世纪80年代提出的”可处理为定语从句或过去分词作后置定语的形式。
2.“这种模式要求在保护环境的条件下发展经济” 中的谓语“要求(require)”后的从句要用虚拟语气;“发展经济” 可采用被动语态， 即economy be deve loped。
3.第三句“它的核心思想是..，目的是...前后分句关系不大，可分译成两句，即Thecore idea is to...和Thegoal is to...。
4.最后一个句子较长，主语是“中国”， 谓语是“正集中精力(is focusing on)”,其他部分为宾语。因此需将“加快...的建设，加大力度，提高水平” 转化为名词或动名词形式，如ac-celerating... making more effortst... raising...
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